Periodontal Anatomy – Periodontium
Our teeth have a rigorous job. The help us speak, chew our food, and support our lips and face. In order for them to work effectively, the teeth must be firmly seated in the gums while still being able to move under slight pressure. This is where the periodontium comes into play.
Comprised of the alveolar bone, gingiva (gums), periodontal ligament, and cementum, the periodontium is the specialized tissues that support and surround the teeth, maintaining them in the mandibular and maxillary bones. Each of these tissues have differing cellular composition, amounts and type of proteins, degree of metabolic activity, mineralization, and susceptibility to disease. In addition, these components each have distinct locations, architecture, and biomechanical properties that adapt throughout the life of the structure.
What Damages the Periodontium
Gum disease is one of the largest contributors to periodontium damage. We all know that cavities and dental decay are bad for our overall oral health, but many do not realize that gum health is also vitally important. Having healthy gum tissue helps protect both the roots of the teeth and the rest of the periodontium. When plaque and bacteria accumulate in the gums, gum disease can set in leading to redness, swelling, and soreness.
Gingivitis is the initial stage of gum disease and if left untreated, it can develop into periodontal disease which affects the rest of the periodontium. In addition to swelling and redness, periodontal disease can cause the gums to shrink away from the teeth and lead to the development of pockets. As the structures break down, the pockets get deeper and teeth may fall out.
Smoking is another activity that greatly damages the periodontium. According to the Harvard Medical School, heavy cigarette smoking (more than one pack per day) increases a person’s chance of developing periodontal disease by a factor of six. Even smoking half a pack per day can increase the risk by a factor of three. Smokers also are at an increased risk of developing hard, calcified tartar deposits at the gumline, and may suffer greater bone loss at the tooth roots.
Maintaining the Periodontium
Obviously not smoking is one of the best ways to maintain the periodontium but there is also evidence that dietary choices can aid in the prevention of periodontium damaging gum disease. Diets that include fruit, vegetables, legumes, nuts, vegetable oils, and fish, can help prevent the inflammation that could damage the gums.
Practicing a sound oral hygiene routine and having regular dental checkups are also vitally important to maintaining the periodontium. Flossing should be done once per day and should be done around each tooth in order to remove debris and plaque. Brushing should be done twice per day using a soft-bristled toothbrush. When brushing, gently brush the teeth at a 45-degree angle towards the gumline. Mouthwash should be used once per day with a rinse that protects the gums. And dental visits/checkups should be done at least two times per year so that the dentist can identify any signs of gum disease early and correct the condition before it becomes serious.
